![]() The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) defines end-to-end communication by specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received. Packet over SONET/SDH (POS) is a communication protocol that defines how point-to-point links communicate when using optical fiber. ATM network devices use time-division multiplexing, which converts digital signals into fixed-sized cells, transmits them, and then reassembles them at their destination. Asynchronous transfer modeĪsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is also an early WAN technology that formats data into 53-byte data cells. Frame relay works on layers 1 and 2 and facilitates information transfer from one LAN to another over multiple switches and routers. The following are some examples: Frame relayįrame relay is an early technology that packages data in the form of frames and transmits it over a private line to a frame relay node. Wide-area network (WAN) protocols, or networking protocols, define the rules of communication across any network. The physical layer manages the transfer of raw data in the form of digital bits, optical signals, or electromagnetic waves across the different network transmission media, such as optical fibers and wireless technologies. This layer function forwards packets from one device to another until they reach their destination. ![]() For example, it decides when to start or terminate a direct connection. The data link layer is responsible for establishing communication rules or protocols on the physical layer operations. For example, it defines the rules for packet routing, load balancing, and packet loss. The network layer manages how the data packets travel through the network. For example, when you visit the booking site, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) manages communication by sorting it into request and response packets. It may also package the data into data packets. It classifies and dispatches the data for transfer. The transport layer defines the functions and procedures for data transmission. This connection is a logical connection, not an actual physical connection. The session layer opens a connection between your computer and the web server after authentication. ![]() For example, your booking system is located on a web server in the central office, and you are working from home. It can open, close, or terminate the connection between two devices. The session layer manages the connections or sessions between local and remote applications. For example, it adds some encryption so that cybercriminals watching your WAN can't hack your sensitive meeting data. The presentation layer prepares data for transmission across the network. For example, if you have a calendar booking system in your enterprise, this layer manages booking logic such as sending invitations, converting time zones, and more. It contains the application logic and is unaware of the network implementation. The application layer is closest to the user and defines how the user interacts with the network. We will show you these layers in a top-down approach and provide an example to help you understand them: Layer 7 – Application layer ![]() Different networking technologies operate on each of these different layers and together make a working WAN. The OSI model visualizes any computer network to work in seven layers. Wide-area network (WAN) architectures are based on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model that conceptually defines and standardizes all telecommunication.
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